Indian Air Force Marks 92 Years: Struggles with Modernization as It Falls Behind China
The Indian Air Force (IAF), a force synonymous with courage and discipline, is approaching its 92nd anniversary. As it stands today, the IAF has grown into one of the world’s largest and most formidable air forces. Yet, despite its rich history and modernization efforts, the force faces significant challenges, particularly in keeping pace with China’s rapidly advancing air power. In an alarming yet honest assessment, Air Chief Marshal (ACM) Amar Preet Singh at the annual press conference in New Delhi on Oct 4, 2024, acknowledged that the IAF has fallen behind China in certain key areas, including technology and production rates of defence equipment.
Modernization: Progress with Challenges
In recent years, the IAF has undergone major transformations to enhance its capabilities. From the induction of advanced fighter jets like the Rafale to the indigenous development of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, the force has moved towards self-reliance. Furthermore, the IAF has heavily invested in modernizing its helicopter fleet, which now includes domestically manufactured platforms like the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH). These efforts reflect a deliberate shift towards indigenization and reducing dependency on foreign suppliers.
However, modernization has been uneven. While certain sectors, such as rotary-wing assets, have thrived, others like the development of fifth-generation fighter aircraft have lagged behind. The LCA Mk1A, while a promising project, is still years away from matching the capabilities of China’s J-20 stealth fighters. The slow pace of modernization is concerning, given China’s rapid strides in air power, advanced missile systems, and space-based military applications.
Air Chief’s Stark Admission
ACM Amar Preet Singh’s recent remarks brought these challenges to the forefront. He stated candidly, “We have lagged behind China in technology and production rates of defence equipment.” This admission highlights the growing disparity between India and China’s defence industries, particularly in the aerospace sector.
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| A Large number of Chinese 5th Generation Stealth Fighter J-20 line up showcased by the Chinese People's Liberation Army - Air Force |
While India has made significant strides in developing indigenous platforms, China’s defence production machinery operates on a much larger and faster scale. China has not only developed fifth-generation fighters but also produced them in large numbers. Its fleet of advanced airborne warning and control systems (AWACS) and long-range missiles further augment its air superiority. ACM Singh emphasized the need for ramping up domestic production and involving the private sector to address these shortfalls.
Beyond the technological gap, the Air Chief pointed to another critical issue—production speed. India has struggled to match China’s pace in manufacturing defence equipment, especially fighter jets. This, in turn, affects the IAF’s squadron strength, which is already below the required levels. India currently operates 31 fighter squadrons, well below the sanctioned strength of 42. ACM Singh acknowledged the gap, noting that it would take time for India to close this production shortfall.
Strategic Advantage in Training
While China may lead in technology and production, ACM Singh stressed that the IAF holds an edge in training. He pointed out that IAF pilots undergo more diverse and intense training exercises, often collaborating with foreign air forces through joint military exercises. “We have exposure much better than them… One people behind the machine, we are way ahead of them,” Singh said. This training, combined with India’s experience in real-world conflicts, gives the IAF a qualitative edge in terms of human resources.
India’s participation in joint exercises with countries like the US, France, and Japan has allowed the IAF to gain invaluable operational experience. Such exercises also provide opportunities to test new tactics and technologies in a simulated combat environment. In contrast, China’s air force has had limited interaction with foreign counterparts, largely due to its insular military policies. As a result, Indian pilots are more adept at adapting to different combat scenarios, which could prove critical in future conflicts.
Indigenous Projects: A Work in Progress
One of the IAF’s key modernization initiatives is the development of indigenous fighter jets and helicopters. The LCA Tejas program, despite its delays, has been a source of national pride. The IAF is set to induct 83 LCA Mk1A jets starting in 2024, and work is underway on the more advanced LCA Mk2 and the ambitious fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). These projects are crucial for reducing India’s dependence on foreign suppliers, especially as geopolitical tensions strain relationships with key arms exporters like Russia.
However, indigenous production has been slow. The LCA project, which began in the 1980s, only saw its first operational squadron in 2016. Similarly, the AMCA project is still in its development phase, with no clear timeline for induction. In contrast, China’s J-20 fighter jets have been operational since 2017, with hundreds already in service.
In terms of helicopters, the IAF has fared better. The induction of the LCH and ALH has bolstered India’s capabilities in high-altitude warfare, particularly in regions like Ladakh. The LCH, with its ability to operate at altitudes of up to 6,500 meters, is a valuable asset in countering China’s presence along the contested border. India is also developing the Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH), which will eventually replace the aging Mi-17 fleet. These platforms are critical for maintaining operational readiness in the challenging terrains of the Himalayas.
Air Defence and Space Capabilities
India’s air defence capabilities, particularly in the context of developments in the Middle East — Israel’s Iron Dome, stating that India’s systems could perform similar functions. However, there is a need for more advanced technologies to cover India’s vast geography. India’s air defence network, which includes the S-400 systems purchased from Russia, is designed to counter threats from both Pakistan and China. Yet, as ACM Singh pointed out, India needs large numbers of these systems to provide comprehensive coverage.
In the space domain, the IAF has recognized the increasing importance of satellite-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. India’s GSAT-7A satellite enhances the IAF’s ability to maintain real-time communication with its assets, including fighter jets and naval vessels. However, China’s space capabilities far exceed India’s. With a large constellation of military satellites and anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, China is well-positioned to dominate the space domain in any future conflict.
The Road Ahead
Despite these challenges, the IAF remains committed to its modernization goals. The induction of new aircraft, helicopters, and air defence systems will strengthen India’s air power over the coming decade. However, closing the gap with China will require a concerted effort from both the government and the defence industry. Increased investment in research and development, faster production cycles, and greater involvement of the private sector will be essential for India to keep pace with its northern neighbour.
As the IAF celebrates 92 years of service, it stands at a crossroads. While it has made significant strides in modernization, the pace of change must accelerate to address the growing challenges posed by China. The road to becoming a truly self-reliant and technologically advanced air force is long, but with the right policies and focus, the IAF can rise to meet the demands of the future.
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